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Walloons (; (フランス語:Wallons), ; (ワロン語:Walons)) are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. Walloons are a distinctive ethnic community within Belgium.〔''Ethnic Groups Worldwide,'' a ready reference Handbook, David Levinson, ORYX Press, (ISBN 1-57356-019-7), p. 13 : « Walloons are identified through their residence in Wallonia and by speaking dialects of French. They, too, are descended from the original Celtic inhabitants of the region and Romans and Franks who arrived later. Walloons are mainly Roman Catholic. »〕 Important historical and anthropological criteria (religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the French people.〔''Ethnic Groups Worldwide, a ready reference Handbook'', David Levinson, ORYX Press, ISBN 1-57356-019-7, p.13 : "Walloon culture was heavely influenced by the French"〕〔''The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World,'' A Henri Holt Reference Book, page 645 : « Culturally there is continuity between the French and the Walloons, Wallon culture consisting mainly of dialect literary productions. While historically most Wallons came within France's cultural orbit〕 More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of the Walloon Region. They speak regional languages such as Walloon (with Picard in the West and Lorrain in the South). Walloons are the descendants of Gallo-Romans with Germanic Frankish admixture. ==Etymology== The term ''Walloon'' is derived from '' *walha'', a Proto-Germanic term used to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers.〔John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, ''English and Welsh'', in ''Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures'', University of Cardiff Press, 1963.〕 ''Walloon'' originated in Romance languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace is found in Jean de Haynin's ''Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies'' in 1465, where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. Its meaning narrowed yet again during the French and Dutch periods and, at Belgian independence, the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Walloon, Picard, etc.) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds a political content to "the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept".〔French: ''Au concept sentimental, linguistique et culturel s'est ajouté peu à peu, par la suite de l'évolution intérieure en Belgique, depuis 1880 surtout, un contenu politique'' Albert Henry, ''Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie'', Institut Jules Destrée, Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), p. 14.〕 The words ''Walloon'' and ''Wallons'' can be seen in the book of Charles White, ''The Belgic Revolution'' (1835): "The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the centre of the commotion.".〔Charles White, ''The Belgic Revolution of 1830'', Whittaker, London, 1835, p. 308, see also, pp. 5, 45, 266, 307 where the same word as in French - ''Wallons'' - was used (Oxford University's copy )〕〔Quoted also by Maurice Bologne, ''L'insurrection prolétarienne de 1830 en Belgique''. Critique politique, n°9, Bruxelles, Juillet 1981, p.56 and passim〕〔Quoted also by Bruno Demoulin and Jean-Louis Kupper (editors) ''Histoire de la Wallonie'', ''De la préhistoire au XXIe siècle'', Privat, Toulouse, 2004, p.241 ISBN 2-7089-4779-6〕 The Spanish terms of Walon and Walona from the 17th century referred to a Royal Guard Corps recruited in the Spanish Flanders. They were involved in many of the most significant battles of the Spanish Empire. The French word ''Wallons'' in English is also used in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Albert Henry wrote that although in 1988 the word ''Walloon'' evoked a constitutional reality, it originally referred to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands and was also used to designate a territory by the terms ''provinces wallonnes'' or Walloon country (Pays wallon), from the 16th century to the Belgian revolution, and later Wallonia.〔Albert Henry, ''En 1988, le terme ''Wallonie'' évoque (...) une réalité politique et administrative constitutionnellement reconnue (...) En 1830, et au cours des années qui suivirent, on avait continué à se servir des expressions ''provinces wallonnes'', cette dernière déjà employée au seizième siècle, au moins et ''pays wallon'' plus rarement attestées avant le dix-huitième siècle'', opus citatus, pp. 15-16〕 The term 'Walloon country' was also used in Dutch viz. ''Walsch land''.〔Het naembouck van 1562, Tweede druk van het Nederlands - Frans Woordenboek van Hoos Lambrech, published by R.Verdeyen, Liège-Paris, 1945, p.221.〕〔Also quoted by Albert Henry, opus citatus, p.81〕 The term existed also in German, perhaps ''Wulland'' in Hans Heyst's book (1571) where ''Wulland'' is translated by Wallonia in English (1814).〔Hans Heyst, ''Philippi II, ''Koenigs in Spanien, Reise aus Spanien nach Genos, und dann ferner durch Italien und Teutschland ins Wulland, und von dannen herauf in die Stadt Augsburg von anno 1549 bis 1551'', ''Journey and Voyage of Philipp II, from Spain to Genos, and then further through Italy and Germany into Wallonia and to hence into the City of Augsburg'', Augsburg, 1571, 4to. Published by Par John Pinkerton; Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1814, see the translation of Wulland in the English Wallonia p. 89 (''A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World:'' Many of which are Now First Translated Into English. Digested on a New Plan, Copy of the University of Michigan )〕 In German it is however generally ''Wallonenland'' : ''Le païs de Valons, Belgolalia, Wallonenland, in "Le Grand Dictionnaire Royal" Augsbourg, 1767'';〔Albert Henry, opus citatus, note 1. p. 81〕〔''Le païs de Valons, Belgolalia, Wallonennland, in ''Le Grand Dictionnaire Royal,'' Augsbourg, 1767 in ''Etudes d'histoire wallonne'', Fondation Plisnier, Bruxelles, 1964 (Etudes d'histoire wallonne )〕 ''The name of the churches' consecration is in Touraine ''assemblées'', in Brittany ''pardons'', in the northern Departments sometimes ''kermesses'', sometimes as in the Walloon country, ''ducasses'' (from dedicatio) ''〔''So Heissen die Kirchweihen in der Tourraine ''assemblées'', in der Bretagne ''pardons'', in den nördlichen Departments bald ''kermesses'', bald, wie im Wallonenland, '' ducasses'' (von dedicatio)... '' in ''Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur'' Leipzig 1864, p. 391 (Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur )〕 In English, it is Walloon country (see further James Shaw).〔Albert Henry, ''Un témoignage anglais'', opus citatus, p.48〕 In French (and France (Wand)), it is ''le Pays wallon'': ''The Walloon country included the greatest part of to-day's Belgium, the Province of Flandre orientale, the Province of Flandre occidentale both named ''Flandre wallonne'', the Province of Namur, the Hainaut, the Limbourg, the pays de Liège and even the Luxembourg''〔''Le pays wallon comprenait la plus grande partie de ce qui forme aujourd'hui la Belgique,la Flandre occidentale et orientale, dites ensemble Flandre wallonne, la province de Namur, le Hainaut, le pays de Liège, le Limbourg et même le Luxembourg'' in ''Dictionnaire Bescherelle'' Paris, 1856, Vol II, p. 1664 (Bescherelle, Vol II, 1856, Paris, p. 1664 )〕〔Albert Henry, opus citatus, p.81 quoted the 1846 edition〕 For Félix Rousseau, Walloon country is, after ''le Roman pays'' the old name of the country of the Walloons〔French " ''En ce qui concerne les termes employés pour désigner la ''Terre des Wallons'' au cours des âges, nous avons noté le ''Roman pays'', ensuite le ''Pays wallon''. Il y eut aussi l'expression: les ''Provinces wallonnes''." Félix Rousseau, ''La Wallonie, terre romane'', 6th edition, Charleroi, 1993, p.120, DL/1993/0276/1〕 and the nickname ''Romande'' was commonly used to describe Walloons until the late 19th century. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Walloons」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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